Rabu, 27 Februari 2019

Published 16.41 by with 0 comment

Belajar Bahasa Inggris: Menggunakan Frasa Partisipial untuk Meningkatkan Gaya Tulisan

Belajar Bahasa Inggris: Menggunakan Frasa Partisipial untuk Meningkatkan Gaya Tulisan


inggris, bahasa inggris, belajar bahasa inggris, partisipel, frasa partisipial, frasa partisipial dalam paragraf


Dalam belajar Bahasa Inggris, Anda dapat menggunakan frasa partisipial untuk meningkatkan gaya tulisan Anda. Ketika tulisan Anda berisikan terlalu banyak klausa adjektiva, ubahlah beberapa dari mereka ke frasa partisipial. Kadang menggunakan frasa partisipial di awal kalimat dipertimbangkan gaya yang cukup matang.

Buatlah lebih baik tulisan pendek berikut dengan mengubah beberapa klausa adjektiva dan adverbia ke  frasa partisipial. Ada sembilan tempat di mana perubahan semacam ini dapat dibuat. Apakah Anda bisa menandainya?

Global Warming

                One of the biggest problems that faces humankind in the next few decades is the problem of global warming. In the past 150 years, global temperatures have risen approximately 1oC (1.8oF).The year 1998 was the warmest year that was ever recorded. If temperatures continue to rise, the consequences could be catastrophic. As the earth’s temperature rises, polar ice will melt, which will cause the water level of the oceans to rise. Rising ocean levels, in turn, will cause flooding along the coasts. Global warming will also cause major changes in climate that will affect agriculture. For example, crops that were previously grown in Guatemala may not do so well because it will become too hot.
                Because they believe that the increase in carbon dioxide in the earth’s temperature is the primary cause of global warming, scientists have urged immediate action to decrease CO2 levels. They have asked the world’s governments to write an agreement that will control the amount of carbon dioxide that is released into the atmosphere. After each government signs such an agreement, each government will have to enforce it. Brazilians, for example, will have to stop burning their rain forests, and Americans will have to stop driving their gas-guzzling SUVs.


Terjemahannya:
Pemanasan Global

                Satu masalah terbesar yang dihadapi umat manusia dalam beberapa decade yang akan datang adalah masalah pemanasan global. Dalam masa 150 tahun belakangan ini, suhu dunia telah naik kira-kira 1oC (1.8oF). Tahun 1998 adalah tahun terpanas yang pernah tercatat. Jika suhu berlanjut naik, akibatnya dapat merupakan bencana besar. Selagi suhu bumi naik, es kutub akan meleleh, yang akan menyebabkan permukaan air lautan naik. Kenaikan permukaan air lautan, pada gilirannya, akan menyebabkan banjir sepanjang pantai. Pemanasan global juga akan menyebabkan perubahan besar dalam iklim yang mempengaruhi pertanian. Contohnya, jagung yang sebelumnya ditanam di Guatemala mungkin tidak begitu baik karena iklim akan menjadi terlalu panas.
                Karena mereka percaya bahwa peningkatan karbon dioksida dalam temperature bumi adalah penyebab utama pemanasan global, para ahli telah mendesak tindakan segera untuk mengurangi tingkat CO2. Mereka telah meminta pemerintah di dunia untuk menulis perjanjian yang akan mengontrol jumlah karbon dioksida yang dilepas ke dalam atmosfer. Setelah masing-masing pemerintah menanda-tangani perjanjian semacam ini, setiap pemerintah akan harus melaksanakannya. Pemerintah Brazil, misalnya, akan harus menghentikan pembakaran hutan tadah hujan mereka, dan pemerintah Amerika akan harus menghentikan mengoperasikan jenis kendaraan SUV mereka (berbahan bakar gas).





Berikut 9 tempat yang perlu diubah ke dalam frasa partisipial:


Global Warming

                One of the biggest problems that faces humankind in the next few decades is the problem of global warming. In the past 150 years, global temperatures have risen approximately 1oC (1.8oF).The year 1998 was the warmest year that was ever recorded. If temperatures continue to rise, the consequences could be catastrophic. As the earth’s temperature rises, polar ice will melt, which will cause the water level of the oceans to rise. Rising ocean levels, in turn, will cause flooding along the coasts. Global warming will also cause major changes in climate that will affect agriculture. For example, crops that were previously grown in Guatemala may not do so well because it will become too hot.
                Because they believe that the increase in carbon dioxide in the earth’s temperature is the primary cause of global warming, scientists have urged immediate action to decrease CO2 levels. They have asked the world’s governments to write an agreement that will control the amount of carbon dioxide that is released into the atmosphere. After each government signs such an agreement, each government will have to enforce it. Brazilians, for example, will have to stop burning their rain forests, and Americans will have to stop driving their gas-guzzling SUVs.


KETERANGAN:

11.      . . . that faces humankind (klausa adjektiva) diubah menjadi facing humankind (frasa partisipial dari verba aktif)
22.     . . . that was ever recorded (klausa adjektiva) diubah menjadi ever recorded (frasa partisipial dari verba pasif)
33.      . . . which will cause the water level (klausa adjektiva) diubah menjadi causing the water level (frasa partisipial dari verba aktif)
44.      . . . that will affect agriculture (klausa adjektiva) diubah menjadi affecting agriculture (frasa partisipial dari verba aktif)
55.      . . . that were previously grown (klausa adjektiva) diubah menjadi previously grown (frasa partisipial dari verba pasif)
66.      Because they believe that (klausa adverbia) diubah menjadi believing that (frasa partisipial dari verba aktif). Reason subordinator “because” selalu dihapus.
77.      . . . that will control the amount (klausa adjektiva) diubah menjadi controlling the amount (frasa partisipial dari verba aktif)
88.      . . . that is released into the atmosphere (klausa adjektiva) diubah menjadi released into the atmosphere (frasa partisipial dari verba pasif
99.      After each government signs such an agreement (klausa adverbia) diubah menjadi After signing such an agreement (frasa partisipial dari verba aktif). Subyek dalam klausa adverbia dihapus.


Berikut dua paragraph yang sudah ditingkatkan:


Global Warming

                One of the biggest problems facing humankind in the next few decades is the problem of global warming. In the past 150 years, global temperatures have risen approximately 1oC (1.8oF).The year 1998 was the warmest year ever recorded. If temperatures continue to rise, the consequences could be catastrophic. As the earth’s temperature rises, polar ice will melt, causing the water level of the oceans to rise. Rising ocean levels, in turn, will cause flooding along the coasts. Global warming will also cause major changes in climate affecting agriculture. For example, crops previously grown in Guatemala may not do so well because it will become too hot.
                Believing that the increase in carbon dioxide in the earth’s temperature is the primary cause of global warming, scientists have urged immediate action to decrease CO2 levels. They have asked the world’s governments to write an agreement controlling the amount of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere. After signing such an agreement, each government will have to enforce it. Brazilians, for example, will have to stop burning their rain forests, and Americans will have to stop driving their gas-guzzling SUVs.

 
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Senin, 04 Februari 2019

Published 13.04 by with 0 comment

Belajar Bahasa Inggris: Kata atau Frasa Penghubung Gagasan

Belajar Bahasa Inggris: Kata atau Frasa Penghubung Gagasan


bahasa inggris, belajar bahasa inggris, belajar bahasa inggris kata atau frasa penghubung gagasan, kata bahasa inggris penghubung gagasan, frasa bahasa inggris penghubung gagasan



Tiga kelompok kata digunakan untuk menghubungkan klausa supaya membentuk jenis kalimat Bahasa Inggris yang berbeda. Mereka adalah subordinator (subordinating conjunction), coordinator (coordinating conjunction), dan conjunctive adverb.

Kata transisi Bahasa Inggris (seperti therefore, however, dan moreover) dan ungkapan yang lain dapat digunakan untuk menggabung paragraf ke paragraf, kalimat ke kalimat, dan klausa ke klausa. Beberapa ungkapan ini diberikan di bawah.

Ekspresi digunakan untuk mengelis pendapat, contoh, atau alasan

Contoh atau alasan pertama:
First, let’s consider X.
The first reason for this is that Y . . .
One example of this is Y.
First of all, I’d like to give you a little background information.

Contoh atau alasan tambahan:
Second, there is the example of Z.
A second (third) good example of this phenomenon is A . . .
Another example is B . . .
Next, there is the example of Y . . .
Another reason is that C is usually . . .

Contoh atau alasan terakhir:
Finally, we have Z.
Finally, I’d like to thank everyone for coming this evening.  (sebagai gagasan terakhir yang Anda ingin katakan)

Ekspresi yang menunjukkan tambahan

Kata transisi/frasa in addition, furthermore, dan moreover dapat digunakan untuk menggabung klausa atau kalimat untuk menambahkan gagasan yang mirip atau setara.

                Clause1; furthermore, clause 2
                Sentence 1. Furthermore, sentence 2.

Satu pendapat diberikan dalam klausa atau kalimat pertama dan yang lain dalam klausa atau kalimat kedua.

I like to use Y as a method of keeping in touch with my friends because it is fast; furthermore, it is efficient and simple.
I would never want to own a Y because it is so expensive. In addition, it often breaks down.
I predict that, in the future, people of all ages will use Ys. Moreover, Ys will be found in every country of the globe. 
Community colleges offer preparation for many occupations; furthermore/ moreover/ in addition, they prepare students to transfer to a four year college or university.

Atau dengan coordinator kita bisa menyampaikan gagasan yang sama:
Community colleges offer preparation for many occupations and they prepare students to transfer to a four year college or university.

Ekspresi yang menunjukkan akibat atau simpulan

Kata sambung so dapat digunakan untuk menggabung dua klausa independen. Klausa pertama memberikan alasan, klausa kedua akibat. (Clausa 1, so clause 2). Kata sambung so termasuk salah satu dari 7 koordinator FAN BOYS dan dia menghubungkan akibat ke alasan.

I believe doing C is a waste of time, so I avoid C whenever possible.
I did not eat breakfast this morning, so I am a little hungry.
Native and nonnative English speakers have different needs, so most schools provide separate English classes for each group.

Kata transisi therefore, consequently, dan thus dapat digunakan untuk menggabung klausa atau kalimat. Klausa atau kalimat pertama memberikan alasan, klausa atau kalimat kedua akibat.

Studying mathematics teaches you how to A; therefore, everyone should study mathematics.
A recent study showed that many high school graduates could not do Y. Consequently, Y should be part of the curriculum of all high schools.
In high school, I learned how to A, how to B, and how to C; thus, I was prepared for my studies at a university. 
The 1996 law eliminated many benefits for legal immigrants who had not become citizens; therefore/thus/ consequently, most of them applied for citizenship. 
Native and nonnative English speakers have different needs; consequently/therefore/ thus, most schools provide separate English classes for each group.  

Ekspresi yang menunjukkan kontras

Kata penghubung but juga termasuk salah satu dari 7 koordinator FAN BOYS. Dia menghubungkan gagasan berbeda yang setara.
Kata penghubung but dapat digunakan untuk menggabung dua klausa independen yang berisikan informasi yang bertentangan (kontras). (Clause 1, but clause 2).

People who oppose Y may have some good points, but on the whole, I think Y serves a useful function. 
Many community colleges do not have dormitory, but they provide housing referral services. 
Men may exercise better, but they may not exercise as regularly as women do.

Penanda klausa adverbia although, dan while dapat digunakan untuk menggabung klausa adverbia dan klausa independen dengan informasi yang kontras.
  
Although most of the people in my country choose to study X as a second language, I wanted to learn how to speak Y first.
I wanted to learn how to speak Y first, although most of the people in my country choose to study X as a second language.
Even though none of us were very hungry, we went to dinner.
We went to dinner, even though none of us were very hungry
Some people believe that doing X is harmful, while others enjoy it.
Some people arrived in taxis while others took the subway. 
The term rock music commonly refers to music styles after 1959 that were influenced primarily by white musicians, while rhythm-and-blues music styles were influenced primarily by black musicians.

Sebagian terbesar, kita tidak menggunakan koma sebelum klausa adverbia. Tiga konjungsi subordinasi kondisi—although, even though, dan though—perkecualian untuk aturan ini. Klausa adverbia yang mulai dengan kata ini selalu dipisahkan dengan koma kecuali bila mereka ada di awal kalimat.

Kata transisi/frasa ini dapat menggabung klausa dan kalimat yang berisikan informasi yang kontras.

Many people like to visit large cities such as X or Y; however, I prefer to see scenic natural places such as Z and A. 
Many community colleges do not have dormitory; however, they provide housing referral services. 
Many people think that the government should encourage people to do Y because it will help the economy. On the other hand, doing Y can have a number of negative results.

Ekspresi yang menunjukkan kemiripan

Kata transisi likewise dan similarly dapat menggabung klausa dan kalimat yang berisi informasi yang mirip.

I think it is useful for children to do X; likewise, I think it is helpful for adults to do the same.
There is too much violence in movies; similarly, many TV shows contain a lot of violence. 
Human workers can detect malfunctions in machinery; likewise/similarly, a robot can be programmed to detect equipment malfunctions. 

Ekspresi yang memperkenalkan paragraph simpulan

Frasa transisi ini dapat digunakan pada awal dari paragraph akhir.

                In conclusion, for all these reasons, I think that X is a valid argument.
                In summary, there is no doubt in my mind that Y is true.
                All in all, I must agree with those people who support X.





Berikut beberapa contoh kosakata tambahan yang digunakan untuk memberikan opini dan menggabungkan gagasan.

1.       I completely agree with the idea of stricter gun control for a number of reasons. First, statistics show that guns are not very effective in preventing crime. Moreover, accidents involving guns frequently occur. Finally, guns can be stolen and later used in crimes.
2.       I believe that a good salary is an important consideration when looking for a career. However, the nature of the work is more important to me. Thus, I would not accept a job that I did not find rewarding.
3.       There are many reasons why I would rather live in an urban area than in a small town. The first and most important reason is that there are more professional opportunities for me in a big city than in a small town. Another is that the educational opportunities for my children are much better in a city. Third, a city offers cultural attractions such as museums, theaters, and good restaurants. Personally, I think that I would be bored living in a small town. Therefore, I agree with those people who prefer to live in big cities.

Look at the following example showing transition expressions used for cohesion.


A group of students really wanted a certain program to be added to the university curriculum. The students presented their request to the university; in addition, they got hundreds of signatures on a petition. Nonetheless, their request was denied.


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