Klausa adverbia terdiri atas kata penghubung, yang disebut adverb-clause marker (juga disebut subordinate conjunction) dan sedikitnya satu subyek dan satu verba.

     The demand for economical cars increases when gasoline becomes more expensive.
     He went to bed because he was sleepy.

Dalam contoh ini, adverb-clause marker when menggabungkan klausa adverbia ke klausa utama. Klausa adverbia tersebut terdapat subyek (gasoline) dan verba (becomes).

Klausa adverbia dapat mendahului klausa utama atau mengikutinya. Ketika klausa adverbia datang duluan, ia dipisahkan dari klausa utama dengan koma.

     When gasoline becomes expensive, the demand for economical cars increases.
     Because he was sleepy, he went to bed.

Adverb
Clause
Marker                 use                         Example
________________________________________________________________________________
because                cause                      Because the speaker was sick, the program was canceled.
________________________________________________________________________________
since                     cause                      Since Monday is a holiday, we don't have to go to work.
________________________________________________________________________________
although                opposition               Although Mr. Crane earns a good salary, he never saves any money.
________________________________________________________________________________
even though          opposition               Even though Rosa was tired, she stayed up late.
________________________________________________________________________________
while                    contrast                   Some people arrived in taxis while others took the subway.
________________________________________________________________________________
if                          condition                 If the automobile had not been invented, what would people use for
                                                           basic transportation.
________________________________________________________________________________
unless = if ...not    negative                   I'll go swimming unless it's cold.
                            condition                 (I'll go swimming if it isn't cold.)
________________________________________________________________________________
when                   time                         Our heart rate increases when you exercise.
________________________________________________________________________________
while                   time                         Some people like to listen to music while they are studying.
________________________________________________________________________________
as                        time                         One train was arriving as another was departing.
________________________________________________________________________________
since                   time                         We haven't seen Professor Hill since she returned from her trip.
________________________________________________________________________________
until                    time                          Don't put off going to the dentist until you have a problem.
________________________________________________________________________________
once                   time                         Once the dean arrives, the meeting can begin.
________________________________________________________________________________
before                 time                         Before he left the country, Richard bought some traveler's checks.
________________________________________________________________________________
after                    time                         Emily will give a short speech after she receives the award.
________________________________________________________________________________

Peringkasan Klausa Adverbia ke Frasa Adverbia yang Menerangkan

(a) Adverb clause     : While I was walking to class, I ran into an old friend.
(b) Modifying phrase: While walking to class, I ran into an old friend.
(c) Adverb clause     :  Before I left for work, I ate breakfast.
(d) Modifying phrase: Before leaving for work, I ate breakfast.

Beberapa klausa adverbia mungkin juga diubah ke frasa yang menerangkan:
- Jika ada bentuk verba be, hilangkan subyek klausa dependen dan verba be, seperti dalam (b).
- Jika tak ada bentuk verba be, hilangkan subyek dan ubahlah verbanya ke bentuk -ing, seperti dalam (d).

Klausa: While I was sitting in class, I fell asleep.
Frasa  : While sitting in class, I fell asleep.

Klausa: While Ann was sitting in class, she fell asleep.
Frasa  :  While sitting in class, Ann fell asleep.

Klausa adverbia dapat diubah ke frasa hanya ketika subyek klausa adverbia dan subyek klausa utama adalah sama. Frasa adverbia yang merupakan peringkasan dari klausa adverbia menerangkan subyek klausa utama. Klausa adverbia yang diringkas tidak mengandung verba dan subyek. Klausa ini terdiri dari penanda dan present ataupun past participle. Jika verba dalam klausa adverbia yang lengkap adalah aktif, present participle digunakan. Jika verba dalam klausa adverbia yang lengkap adalah pasif, past participle digunakan.

     When astronauts are orbiting the earth, they don't feel the force of gravity.
     (full adverb clause with an active verb)
     When orbiting the earth, astronauts don't feel the force of gravity.
     (reduced clause with a present participle)

     Although it had been damaged, the machine was still operational.
     (full adverb clause with a passive verb)
     Although damaged, the machine was still operational.
     (reduced clause with a past participle)

     Since Maria came to this country, she has made many friends.
     (full adverb clause with an active verb)
     Since coming to this country, Maria has made many friends.
     (reduced clause with a present participle)

(a) Klausa: After he (had) finished his homework, Budi went to bed.
(b) Frasa  : After finishing his homework, Budi went to bed.
(c) Frasa  : After having finished his homework, Budi went to bed.

Tidak ada perbedaan dalam arti antara After he finished dan After he had finished.
Dalam (b) dan (c): Tidak ada perbedaan dalam arti antara After finishing dan After having finished.

Anda akan paling sering menjumpai klausa adverbia yang diringkas dengan penanda although, while, if, when, before, after, dan until. Klausa adverbia yang diringkas tidak pernah digunakan setelah because.

Jangan gunakan because dalam ungkapan reason . . . because . . . Gunakanlah reason . . . that.

     INCORRECT: The reason Laura moved to Arizona is because she enjoys a warm, dry climate.
     CORRECT    : The reason Laura moved to Arizona is that she enjoys a warm, dry climate.

Kadang-kadang while dihilangkan, tetapi frasa -ing di awal kalimat memberikan makna yang sama ("during the same time"). Perhatikan contoh berikut, ketiganya memiliki makna yang sama.

     While I was walking down the street, I ran into an old friend.
     While walking down the street, I ran into an old friend.
     Walking down the street, I ran into an old friend.

Bentuk be dalam klausa adverbia mungkin diubah ke being. Penggunaan being membuat hubungan sebab dan akibat jelas. Perhatikan contoh berikut; ketiganya memiliki makna yang sama.

     Because  she was unable to afford a car, she bought a bicycle.
     Being unable to afford a car, she bought a bicycle.
     Unable to afford a car, she bought a bicycle.

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Ada preposisi tertentu yang memiliki arti yang sama sebagai penanda klausa adverbia tetapi digunakan dengan frasa nomina atau pronomina, tidak dengan klausa.

Preposition               Related Marker        Example
____________________________________________________________________________
because of                because/since             Roberto chose that university because of its fine reputation.
____________________________________________________________________________
due to                       because/since             The accident was due to mechanical failure.
____________________________________________________________________________
on account of            because/since             Visibility is poor today on account of air pollution.
____________________________________________________________________________
in spite of                 although/even though   He enjoys racing motorcycle in spite of the danger.
____________________________________________________________________________
despite                     although/even though   Despite its loss, the team is still in first place.
____________________________________________________________________________

Because memperkenalkan klausa adverbia; ia diikuti oleh subyek dan predikat. Perhatikan contoh berikut:
 
     Because the weather was cold, we stayed home.

Because of dan due to adalah preposisi yang berbentuk frasa; keduanya diikuti oleh obyek nomina. Lebih jelasnya perhatikan contoh berikut:
      Because of the cold weather, we stayed home.
      Due to the cold weather, we stayed home.

Kadang-kadang (biasanya dalam tulisan yang lebih formal) due to diikuti oleh klausa nomina yang diperkenalkan dengan the fact that.

     Due to the fact that the weather was cold, we stayed home.

Seperti klausa adverbia, frasa ini dapat juga diikuti klausa utama, seperti di bawah ini.
 
     We stayed home because of the cold weather.
     We stayed home due to the cold weather.
     We stayed home due to the fact that the weather was cold.

Sebuah ungkapan dapat disampaikan dalam berbagai cara dengan makna yang tetap sama.

Adverb Clauses:
Because it was hot, we went swimming.
We went swimming because it was hot.

Prepositions:
Because of the hot weather, we went swimming.
We went swimming because of the hot weather.

Transitions:
It was hot. Therefore, we went swimming.
It was hot. We, therefore, went swimming.
It was hot. We went swimming, therefore.

Semocolon (;) mungkin digunakan untuk mengganti titik antara dua klausa independen.

     It was hot; therefore, we went swimming.
     It was hot; we, therefore, went swimming.
     It was hot; we went swimming, therefore.

Conjunctions:
It was hot, so we went swimming.

Perhatikan bahwa huruf kecil, tidak huruf kapital, segera mengikuti semicolon.

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Salam mencerahkan,

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Adjective clauses--also called relative clauses--are a way of joining two sentences. In the joined sentence, the adjective clause modifiers (describes) a noun in another clause of the sentence. An adjective clause begins with a word called an adjective clause marker.

     I wanted the book. The book was already checked out.
     The book that I wanted  was already checked out.

The adjective clause in this example begins with the marker that and modifiers the noun book.

Adjective clause markers are relative pronouns such as who, that, or which or the relative adverbs when or where.

Adjective
Clause
Marker              Use                           Example
________________________________________________________________________________
who                   Subject (people)        A neurologist is a doctor who specializes in the nervous system.
________________________________________________________________________________
whom                Object (people)         This is the patient whom the doctor treated.
________________________________________________________________________________
whose                Possessive                 Mr. Collins is the man whose house I rented.
                         (people/things)
________________________________________________________________________________
which                 Subject/Object          The assignment, which was due last week, took me four hours
                         (things)                       to complete.
________________________________________________________________________________
that                    Subject/Object          Art that is in public places can be enjoyed by everyone.
                         (people/things)           (that as subject)
                                                           The painting that Ms. Wallace bought was very expensive.
                                                           (that as object)
________________________________________________________________________________
where                Adverb                       That is the site where the bank plans to build its new headquarters.
                         (place)
________________________________________________________________________________
when                 Adverb                       This is the hour when the children usually go to bed.
                         (time)
________________________________________________________________________________

Like all clauses, adjective clauses must have a subject and a verb. In some cases the adjective clause marker itself is the subject; in some cases, there is another subject.

     The painting was very expensive. Ms. Wallace bought it.
     The painting that Ms. Wallace bought was very expensive.

The adjective clause marker in the joined sentence replaces it, the object of the verb bought. In the joined sentence, the adjective clause keeps the subject--Ms. Wallace--that it had in the original sentence. Notice that the inclusion of the pronoun it in the joined sentence above would be an error. INCORRECT: The painting that Ms. Wallace bought it was very expensive.

     The assignment took me four hours to complete. It was due last week.
     The assignment, which was due last week, took me four hours to complete.

The adjective clause marker in the joined sentence replaces it, the subject of the second original sentence. In the joined sentence, the marker itself is the subject of the adjective clause.

In some adjective clauses, the relative pronoun that may be used in place of which or who. These sentences are called identifying adjective clauses (also called restrictive adjective clauses). The information in the clause is needed to identify the noun. This type of clause is not set off by commas.

     The island that we visited was beautiful.
     The people that moved next door are very friendly.

In other adjective clauses (called non-identifying or non-restrictive), the clause provides "extra" information. It's not needed to identify the head noun. These clauses are always set off with commas.

     Maui, which is one of the Hawaiian Islands, is quite beautiful.
     The Smiths, who are our new neighbors, are very friendly.

The word that cannot be used to introduce this type of clause.

     INCORRECT:  Maui, that is one of the Hawaiian Islands, is quite beautiful.
     INCORRECT:  The Smiths, that are our new neighbors, are very friendly.

The adjective clause markers which and whom can also be used as objects of prepositions:
 
     That is the topic. I will write on it.
     That is the topic on which I will write.
     Marie is the student. The teacher gave the special assignment to her.
     Marie is the student to whom the teacher gave the special assignment.

You may also see sentences with adjective clauses used in this pattern:

     quantifier + of + relative clause
     He met with two advisors. He had known both of them for years.
     He met with two advisors, both of whom he had known  for years.
     I read a number of articles. Most of them  were very useful.
     I read a number of articles, most of which  were very useful.

adviser = advisor

If you want to check your knowledge of adjective clause, please do the following adjective clause exercise.


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Participles are verbal adjectives. There are two kinds of participles: present participles and past participles. The present participle always ends in -ing. The past participle of regular verbs ends in -ed, but many verbs have irregular past participles.

Participial phrases (a participle and related words) are often used after nouns. Participial phrases used this way actually (shortened) adjective clauses. Present participles are used to reduce adjective clauses that contain active verbs. Participial phrases are formed by reducing subject pattern relative clauses.

The pedestrian, who was blending from several wounds, waited for someone to help him. (full adjective clause with an active verb)
The pedestrian,  blending from several wounds, waited for someone to help him. (participial phrase with a present participle)


Minnesota, which joined the Union in 1858, became the thirty-second state. (full adjective clause with an active verb)
Minnesota, joining the Union in 1858, became the thirty-second state. (participial phrase with a present participle)

Past participles are used to reduce adjective clauses with passive verbs.

The College of William and Mary, which was founded in 1693, is the second oldest college in the United States. (full adjective clause with a passive verb)
The College of William and Mary, founded in 1693, is the second oldest college in the United States.(participial phrase with a past participle)

An ambulance that was summoned by a bystander came quickly. (full adjective clause with a passive verb)
An ambulance summoned by a bystander came quickly. (participial phrase with a past participle)

Participial phrases can also come before the subject of a sentence.

 Joining the Union in 1858, Minnesota became the thirty-second state.
Founded in 1693, William and Mary College is the second oldest college in the United States.

To develop your deeper understanding of participial phrase, please do the following exercise and also do this editing practice.

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Participial phrases can also be formed from adverbial clauses. Time and reason clauses introduced by the subordinators after, while, when, before, since, because, and as can be reduced to participial phrases if the subjects of both the adverbial and independent clauses are the same.

Retain before since (time)	Before a student chooses a college, he or she should consider several factors.       Before choosing a college, a student should consider   several factors.       A student should consider several factors before choosing a college. Carlos hasn’t been back home since he came to the United States three years ago.      Since coming to the United States three years ago, Carlos hasn’t been back home.      Carlos hasn’t been back home since coming to the United States three years ago.
Delete because since as (reason) as (time)	Because (Since/As) Carlos came from a very conservative family, he was shocked at the American system of coed dormitories.       Coming from a very conservative family, Carlos was shocked  at the American system of coed dormitories. As he gradually got used to American customs, he became less homesick.        Gradually getting used to American customs, he became less homesick.
Retain or Delete after while when	After he had passed the TOEFL exam, he became a freshman at his college.      After passing the TOEFL exam, he became a freshman at his college.      Having passed the TOEFL exam, he became a freshman at his college.      he became a freshman at his college after passing the TOEFL exam. While he was preparing for the TOEFL, he lived with an American family.      While preparing for the TOEFL, he lived with an American family.      Preparing for the TOEFL, he lived with an American family.      He lived with an American family while preparing for the TOEFL When he was asked about his life in the United States, he said that he was enjoying himself, but that he was a little homesick.      When asked about his life in the United States, he said that he was enjoying himself, but that he was a little homesick.      Asked about his life in the United States, he said that he was enjoying himself, but that he was a little homesick.