Kamis, 23 Oktober 2014

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Belajar Bahasa Inggris: Participial Phrase from Adverbial Clause

Belajar Bahasa Inggris: Participial Phrase from Adverbial Clause




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Participial phrases can also be formed from adverbial clauses. Time and reason clauses introduced by the subordinators after, while, when, before, since, because, and as can be reduced to participial phrases if the subjects of both the adverbial and independent clauses are the same.

ADVERBIAL CLAUSE       Before I left home, I promised my parents that I would return.
PARTICIPIAL PHRASE      Before leaving home, I promised my parents that I would return.
PARTICIPIAL PHRASE      I promised my parents that I would return before leaving home. 

To change an adverbial clause to a participial phrase, follow these steps:
STEP 1            Make sure that the subject of the adverbial clause and the subject of the independent clause are the same.
                       While technology creates new jobs in some sectors of the economy, it takes away jobs in others.
STEP 2           Delete the subject of the adverbial clause. If necessary, move it to the subject position in the independent clause.

While creating new jobs in some sectors of the economy, technology takes away jobs in others.
            STEP 3            Change the adverbial clause verb to the appropriate participle.
While creating new jobs in some sectors of the economy, technology takes away jobs in others.
            STEP 4            Delete or retain the subordinator according to the following rules:
a.       Retain before, and retain since when it is a time subordinator.
b.      Delete all three reason subordinators because, since, and as. Delete as when it is a time subordinator.
c.    Retain after, while, and when if the participial phrase follows the independent clause. When the phrase is in another position, you may either retain or delete these subordinators.
A participial phrase from an adverbial clause may occupy several positions in a sentence. If a participial phrase from a reduced adverbial clause comes in front of or in the middle of the independent clause, punctuate it with commas. If it comes after the independent clause, do not use commas.

The following examples show you some of the possible variations of this structure.
           
Retain
before







since
(time)


Before a student chooses a college, he or she should consider several factors.

      Before choosing a college, a student should consider   several factors.
      A student should consider several factors before choosing a college.

Carlos hasn’t been back home since he came to the United States three years ago.

     Since coming to the United States three years ago, Carlos hasn’t been back home.
     Carlos hasn’t been back home since coming to the United States three years ago.


Delete

because
since
as
(reason)


as
(time)



Because (Since/As) Carlos came from a very conservative family, he was shocked at the American system of coed dormitories.

      Coming from a very conservative family, Carlos was shocked  at the American system of coed dormitories.

As he gradually got used to American customs, he became less homesick.

       Gradually getting used to American customs, he became less homesick.



Retain or
Delete

after









while








when




After he had passed the TOEFL exam, he became a freshman at his college.

     After passing the TOEFL exam, he became a freshman at his college.
     Having passed the TOEFL exam, he became a freshman at his college.
     he became a freshman at his college after passing the TOEFL exam.

While he was preparing for the TOEFL, he lived with an American family.

     While preparing for the TOEFL, he lived with an American family.
     Preparing for the TOEFL, he lived with an American family.
     He lived with an American family while preparing for the TOEFL

When he was asked about his life in the United States, he said that he was enjoying himself, but that he was a little homesick.

     When asked about his life in the United States, he said that he was enjoying himself, but that he was a little homesick.
     Asked about his life in the United States, he said that he was enjoying himself, but that he was a little homesick.
    
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