Selasa, 31 Maret 2015

Published 14.23 by with 0 comment

Belajar Bahasa Inggris Participle and Participial Phrase

Belajar Bahasa Inggris: Participle and Participial Phrase




belajar bahasa inggris tentang participle and participial phrase, belajar bahasa inggris perihal participial phrase, belajar bahasa inggris seputar participial phrase, belajar bahasa inggris membahas participial phrase, belajar bahasa inggris mengulas participial phrase, belajar bahasa inggris mengupas participial phrase, participle and participial phrase jadi bahasan belajar bahasa inggris, belajar bahasa inggris tentang frasa partisipial

Participles are nonfinite verb forms; that is, they cannot serve as main verbs in sentences, but they can help form verb phrases or function as adjectives. Like finite verbs, they can take objects and modifiers to form participial phrases. Present participles end in –ing (living, studying, flowing, driving, eating).  Past participles of regular verbs end in –ed (lived, studied, wasted); past participles of irregular verbs often end in –n or –en (blown, driven, eaten) but sometimes have other irregular forms (slept, clung, swum). Together with objects or modifiers, participles may form phrases, as in the following:

          Eating through the sills of the house, the termites caused great damage.
        

Because they are comprised of verb forms, participial phrases are particularly useful for conveying action, as the preceding examples indicate. 

a.       Definition
Participle according to Glenn Leggett (1985:94) is defined as follow: “A participle is a verb form usually end in –ing or –ed and used as an adjective to modify a noun or pronoun.”
Whereas participial phrase by Glenn Leggett (1985:14) is defined as follow: 
  
Participial phrases consist of a present or past participle, its modifiers, and/or its object (lying on the beach, found in the street, eating a large dinner). Participial phrases always function as adjectives describing either nouns or pronouns.

By Glenn Leggett (1985:94) is also defined as follow: “A participial phrase consists of a participle, its object, and any modifiers of the participle or object.” For example: 

           The dog running in the yard belongs to my mother.
                                    (in the yard modifies running)
           The man walking his dog is my father.
                                    (his dog as an object of walking)
           Covered with ice, the road was dangerous.
                                   (with ice modifies covered)
           Beaten twice by Martina, Chris fought to win the last game.
                                    (twice by Martina modifies beaten)

Mellie John (1979:407) defines participial phrase as follow: “A participial phrase is one made up of a present or a past participle and other words that complete or modify it.”

Lester and Beason (2004:99) define participial phrase more briefly: “Participial phrases are phrases headed by either a present participle or past participle.” Alice and Ann Hogue (1999:232) define participial phrase: “Participial phrases are groups of words that contain participles + other modifiers.” Further, Lester and Beason (2004:102) say that “Participial phrases are really a kind of reduced adjective clause.”

The definition of participial phrase according to http://members.cox.net/lenco1/grammarpractice/participle/phrase.htm accessed 19/09/2011: “A participial phrase consists of a participle and its accompanying words; the whole phrase modifies a noun or pronoun. The accompanying words can be prepositional phrase (s), adverbs, and a direct object.” Notice the following example:
           Josua, steadily gaining confidence, was able to parallel park the car. 
                     steadily gaining confidence is a participial phrase that modifies Josua
                     Steadily is an adverb that modifies a participle, gaining
                    Confidence is a direct object of gaining
a.       Function of Participial Phrase
The followings are about the function of participial phrase.
According to a source, M:\9-TLC\TLC Web Design\Handouts Worksheets\Grammar.Punctuation.Writing\Phrase-Participial.doc: “The participial phrase is always used as an adjective phrase to modify a noun or pronoun.”

The sole function of participial phrase is to modify nouns. Participial phrases function as noun modifiers.” (Lester and Beason, 2004:99)

Participial phrases always function as adjectives describing either nouns or pronouns (Glenn Leggett, 1985:14). “Participial phrases are used to modify nouns and pronouns,” said Alice Oshima and Ann Hogue (1999: 232).

“Most participial phrases have adjective function. Such phrases, like the adjective clauses which alternate with them, may be restrictive or nonrestrictive.” (Marcella Frank, 1972:307)

“Participial phrases are really a kind of reduced adjective clause. Like adjective clauses, participial phrases can be used in either restrictive or nonrestrictive ways” (Lester and Beason, 2004:102). Here are examples of restrictive and nonrestrictive present participial phrases (participial phrases in italics): 

Restrictive                   Students arriving late will not be permitted to enter the lecture hall.
Nonrestrictive             Henry, arriving late, was not permitted to enter the lecture hall.
(arriving late does not limit the reference of Henry)

Here are examples of restrictive and nonrestrictive past participial phrases (participial phrases in italics): 

Restrictive                   The houses located on the flood plain all suffered extensive damage.
Nonrestrictive             The hikers, gasping for breath and nearly exhausted, struggled on.

Participial phrases often provide an alternative way of expressing information or ideas that can be expressed in sentences or dependent clauses. Compare the following: 

Independent clause:                Writing is a slow process. It requires considerable thought and time.
Dependent clause:                   Writing is a slow process, which requires considerable thought and time.
Participial phrase:                    Writing is a slow process, requiring considerable thought and time.

“By providing an alternate construction for an adjective clause, the participial phrase enables a speaker or writer to avoid succession of adjective clauses.” (Marcella Frank, 1972:312) Notice the following:
            He showed me a book describing (for which described)
            children’s literature which he had taken from the library.

Added by Marcella Frank, “Normally, the participial phrase precedes the adjective clause, as in the example just given.” 

a.       Kinds of Participial Phrases
Lester and Beason (2004:99) define participial phrase as follow: “Participial phrases are phrases headed by either a present participle or past participle.”

Mellie John (1979:407) defines participial phrase as follow: “A participial phrase is one made up of a present or a past participle and other words that complete or modify it.”

According to the quotations above, there are also two kinds of participial phrases. Here are examples of present and past participial phrases (participial phrases in italics, participles in bolt, and nouns modified in underline): 

Present Participial Phrase:
The reporter covering the accident interviewed the survivors.
The man wearing the silly hat is my cousin.
The incident amused the people waiting in line.

Past Participial Phrase:
The houses located on the flood plain all suffered extensive damage.
The quote was from a play written by Shakespeare.
The data required for the report was not available on the internet.

The relationship between participial phrase and its function according to what is said by Bruce Rogers (2007:165):
“Participial phrases (a participle and related words) are often used after nouns. Participial phrases used this way are actually reduced (shortened) adjective clauses. Present participles are used to reduce adjective clauses that contain active verbs and past participles are used to reduce adjective clauses with passive verbs.”

Present participles are used to reduce adjective clauses that contain active verbs.
            Minnesota, which joined the Union in 1858, became the thirty-second state. (full adjective clause with an active verb)
            Minnesota, joining the Union in 1858, became the thirty-second state. (participial phrase with a present participle)

Past participles are used to reduce adjective clauses with passive verbs.
            The College of William and Mary, which was founded in 1693, is the second oldest college in the United States. (full adjective clause with a passive verb)
            The College of William and Mary, founded in 1693, is the second oldest college in the United States. (participial phrase with a past participle) 

a.       Position in a sentence
In contrast to relative clauses, which ordinary must follow immediately after the nouns they modify, participial phrases can precede the nouns they modify. A participial phrase can usually be placed at more than one point in a sentence.
The position of participial phrase according to http://grammar.about.com/od/basicsentencegrammar/a/creatpartphrase.htm accessed 19/09/2011 can be at the beginning, middle, or end of a sentence. Notice the following quotation: “A participial phrase is flexible, a structure that can be place at the beginning, middle, or end of a sentence.” 

Participial phrase can also come before the subject of a sentence.
          Crying for milk, the baby woke everyone up.

Participial phrase can also come at the middle of a sentence.
          The baby, crying for milk, woke everyone up.

Participial phrase can also come at the end of a sentence.
          The baby woke everyone up, crying for milk.

As possible as you can, avoid dangling participial phrases. Since participial phrases are somewhat flexible in their position, they often permit you to vary sentence structure to fit a particular purpose in a given paragraph. You must, however, be careful not to create misplace modifiers with participial phrases. Notice the following quotation: “Nonrestrictive participial phrases do have one feature that is unique among noun modifiers: participial phrases can be moved away from the nouns they modify.” (Lester and Beason, 2004:102)   

Here are examples of participial phrases that are moved at the beginning of a sentence.
          Sitting in his office, the President called the Vice-president.
         Fearing failure, the students was very anxious about the test.

The fact that participial phrases can be moved away from the nouns they modify creates the condition for a particular grammatical error known as a dangling participial or dangling modifier. A dangling modifier is an out-and-out grammatical error. The error results from incorrectly formed modifying participial. A participle is said to dangle when it is not properly attached to the noun that it apparently modifies. When a participial phrase is moved to the beginning of the sentence, we assume that the participial phrase modifies the subject—the nearest noun. However, when participial phrase does not literally modify the subject, then the participle is dangling. Here is an example of a dangling participle (participial phrase in italics): 

DANGLING             Coming home late, the house was dark. [There is nothing in the sentence that can sensibly be coming home. A revision must identify some person.]
REVISED                  Coming home late, we found the house was dark.
                                                When we came home late, the house was dark.

To avoid misplaced (dangling) participial phrase, we must usually pay attention to the following:
“The subject of a participial phrase is usually a noun or pronoun in the main clause.” (Marcella Frank, 1972:305) Lester and Beason also said that “Multiword participial phrases—participles together with modifiers and/or complements—follow the nouns they modify.” As Pat Belanoff (1993:78) emphasized that “Clarify is promoted when a writer keeps all modifiers as close as possible to what they modify.”
From the quotations above, we can learn one important thing, that is, to avoid dangling participial phrase, place modifiers near the words they modify.
a.       Time
Besides suggesting action, participial constructions are especially useful for describing events that occur at the same time as those in the main clause. As Marcella Frank (1972:305) said that “The time that is intended in a participial phrase is established by the main verb.” Based on main verb, present participle can indicate:
Present time.
          The woman addressing the audience now is a famous scientist.
                        (main verb is “is” and indicates simple present tense)
Past time.
        The trapped miners, hoping to be rescued soon, told stories to keep up their morale. (main verb is told and indicates simple past tense)

Future time.
         A person traveling in foreign countries will need to take the required documents. (main verb is will need and indicates simple future tense) 

Participial phrases can be formed by reducing relative clauses and adverbial clauses.

Participial Phrases from Relative Clauses
Participial phrases are formed by reducing subject pattern relative clauses.
            ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
PARTICIPIAL PHRASES

The pedestrian, who was bleeding from several wounds, waited for someone to help him.
An ambulance that was summoned by a bystander came quickly.


The pedestrian, bleeding from several wounds, waited for someone to help him.
An ambulance summoned by a bystander came quickly.


To form a participial phrase from a relative clause, delete the relative pronoun (who, which, or that) and change the verb to a participle. Put the word not at the beginning of a participial phrase to make it negative:
         The car’s driver, not realizing what had happened, continued on his way.
            
Participial Phrases from Adverbial Clauses
Participial phrases can also be formed from adverbial clauses. Time and reason clauses introduced by the subordinators after, while, when, before, since, because, and as can be reduced to participial phrases if the subjects of both the adverbial and independent clauses are the same.

ADVERBIAL CLAUSE       Before I left home, I promised my parents that I would return.
PARTICIPIAL PHRASE      Before leaving home, I promised my parents that I would return.
PARTICIPIAL PHRASE      I promised my parents that I would return before leaving home.

To change an adverbial clause to a participial phrase, follow these steps:
STEP 1            Make sure that the subject of the adverbial clause and the subject of the independent clause are the same.
                        While technology creates new jobs in some sectors of the economy, it takes away jobs in others.
STEP 2           Delete the subject of the adverbial clause. If necessary, move it to the subject position in the independent clause.



While technology creates new jobs in some sectors of the economy, it takes away jobs in others.
            STEP 3            Change the adverbial clause verb to the appropriate participle.
While creating new jobs in some sectors of the economy, technology takes away jobs in others.
            STEP 4            Delete or retain the subordinator according to the following rules:
a.       Retain before, and retain since when it is a time subordinator.
b.      Delete all three reason subordinators because, since, and as. Delete as when it is a time subordinator.
c.       Retain after, while, and when if the participial phrase follows the independent clause. When the phrase is in another position, you may either retain or delete these subordinators.

A participial phrase from an adverbial clause may occupy several positions in a sentence. If a participial phrase from a reduced adverbial clause comes in front of or in the middle of the independent clause, punctuate it with commas. If it comes after the independent clause, do not use commas.
The following examples show you some of the possible variations of this structure.


           
Retain
before







since
(time)


Before a student chooses a college, he or she should consider several factors.

      Before choosing a college, a student should consider   several factors.
      A student should consider several factors before choosing a college.

Carlos hasn’t been back home since he came to the United States three years ago.

     Since coming to the United States three years ago, Carlos hasn’t been back home.
     Carlos hasn’t been back home since coming to the United States three years ago.


Delete

because
since
as
(reason)


as
(time)



Because (Since/As) Carlos came from a very conservative family, he was shocked at the American system of coed dormitories.

      Coming from a very conservative family, Carlos was shocked   at the American system of coed dormitories.

As he gradually got used to American customs, he became less homesick.

       Gradually getting used to American customs, he became less homesick.



Retain or
Delete

after









while








when




After he had passed the TOEFL exam, he became a freshman at his college.

     After passing the TOEFL exam, he became a freshman at his college.
     Having passed the TOEFL exam, he became a freshman at his college.
     he became a freshman at his college after passing the TOEFL exam.

While he was preparing for the TOEFL, he lived with an American family.

     While preparing for the TOEFL, he lived with an American family.
     Preparing for the TOEFL, he lived with an American family.
     He lived with an American family While preparing for the TOEFL

When he was asked about his life in the United States, he said that he was enjoying himself, but that he was a little homesick.

     When asked about his life in the United States, he said that he was enjoying himself, but that he was a little homesick.
     Asked about his life in the United States, he said that he was enjoying himself, but that he was a little homesick.
    
 
      edit

0 Comments:

Posting Komentar