Rabu, 30 Januari 2019

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Tertukarnya antara Adjektiva dan Adverbia Bahasa Inggris

  Tertukarnya antara Adjektiva dan Adverbia Bahasa Inggris


bahasa inggris, belajar bahasa inggris, belajar adjektiva bahasa inggris, belajar adverbia bahasa inggris, belajar adjektiva dan adverbia bahasa inggris


Antara adjektiva dan adverbia sering tertukar-tukar penggunaannya oleh pebelajar Bahasa Inggris. Perlu diketahui oleh pebelajar Bahasa Inggris bahwa tipe yang paling umum dari masalah bentuk kata melibatkan penggunaan adverbia sebagai pengganti adjektiva atau adjektiva sebagai pengganti adverbia. Beberapa hal perlu untuk diingat:

Adjektiva menerangkan nomina, frasa nomina, gerund, dan pronomina.

Hang up your wet clothes. [adjektiva menerangkan nomina clothes]
The two children were kind. [adjektiva menerangkan frasa nomina the two children.]
We saw some wonderful acting in the play. [adjektiva menerangkan gerund acting.]
            They were very brave. [adjektiva menerangkan pronomina they]

Catatan:

  • Adjektiva umumnya berada antara determiner dan nomina [the old bucket].
  • Banyak adjektiva tidak memiliki bentuk khusus, tetapi morfem derivasi tertentu digabung dengan adjektiva, seperti morfem derivasi –able (likeable), -ish (greenish), -ful (thoughtful), dan –y (lazy).
  • Adjektiva tertentu memiliki morfem infleksi untuk bentuk komparatif dan superlatif, seperti happy, happier, happiest.
  • Sebagai modifier nomina, adjektiva selalu mendahului nomina yang mereka terangkan:
an important test                     several people
a queit evening                        five golden rings
a long article                           that dreadful old man
an awful noise                         the special, deep-dish, Chicago-style pizza
  • Sebagai adjektiva predikat, adjektiva mengikuti be atau linking verb lainnya dan menerangkan subyek:
The glass was empty. [empty menerangkan subyek the glass]
The play was terrific. [terrific menerangkan subyek the play]
That song sounds nice.
The crust turned brown.
Please remain calm.
She said the film sounded interesting.
He became angry at the very thought.
  •          Adjektiva sering menjawab pertanyaan What kind?
She is a brilliant scholar. [What kind of a scholar is she? A brilliant one.]





Adverbia menerangkan banyak macam kata, termasuk verba, partisipel, adjektiva, dan adverbia yang lain.

Ann eagerly accepted the challenge. [adverbia menerangkan verba accepted.]
It was a rapidly changing situation. [adverbia menerangkan present participle changing.]
She wore a brightly colored scarf. [adverbia menerangkan past participle colored.]
Ted seemed extremely curious about that topic. [adverbia menerangkan adjektiva curious.]
The accident occurred incredibly quickly. [adverbia menerangkan adverbia quickly.]

Catatan:
  • Kadang-kadang adverbia digunakan di awal kalimat, biasanya diikuti oleh koma. Adverbia ini menerangkan keseluruhan kalimat daripada kata tunggal dalam kalimat tersebut.
            Generally, I like my classes.
            Fortunately, they arrived home before too much damage had been done. 
            Usually, Professor Mashadi's lectures are more interesting than the one he gave today.
  • Adverbia cara dibentuk dengan menambahkan akhiran -ly ke adjektiva deskriptif (atau -ally jika adjektivanya berakhir dengan huruf -c)
quick                -->  quickly
neat                   -->  neatly
awkward           -->  awkwardly
comfortable      -->  comfortably
comic                -->  comically

-ic, -ical adjectives

Beberapa adjektiva yang berakhir dalam –ic memiliki bentuk alternatif –ical. Adverbia yang dibentuk dari adjektiva ini berakhir dalam –ically.

alphabetic        alphabetical                             alphabetically
geometric         geometrical                              geometrically
historic             historical                                  histirically
geographic       geographical                            geographically
syntactic          syntactical                                syntactically
economic         economical (different meaning)   economically
philosophic      philosophical                           philosophically
hysteric            hysterical                                 hysterically

Adjektiva itu yang tidak memiliki bentuk –ical alternatif juga mengambil akhiran –ically untuk bentuk adverbianya.

basic                basically                      Perkecualian:   public (adjektiva)
hygienic           hygienically                                         publicly (adverbia)
artistic              artistically
poetic               poetically
sympathetic     sympathetically
emphatic          emphatically                    
  •  Adverbia cara menjawab pertanyaan How?
Ms. Lang treats her employees honestly. (How does she treat her employees? Honestly.)
  • Beberapa adjektiva dan adverbia memiliki bentuk yang sama, seperti fast, hard, high, much, right, straight, late, dan well.
            Charles bought a fast car. [adjektiva fast menerangkan nomina car]
He was driving so fast that he got a speeding ticket. [adverbia fast menerangkan verba driving]
It’s a small car that doesn’t use much fuel. [adjektiva much menerangkan nomina fuel.]
The exam was much easier than I had expected. [adverbia much menerangkan adjektiva easier.]
Rosie wore a long straight skirt and a long sleeved sweater. [adjektiva straight menerangkan nomina skirt.]
The car was coming straight at me. [adverbia straight menerangkan verba coming.]
Draw a straight line and then continue to make a box. [adjektiva straight menerangkan nomina line.]
He barely paused before jumping straight into the water. [adverbia straight menerangkan verba jumping.]
I’m not feeling very well today. [adjektiva well menerangkan subyek I; feeling sebagai linking verb dan well sebagai adjektiva predikat.]
            Shake the can well before opening. [adverbia well menerangkan verba shake.]
  • Well adalah bentuk adverbia yang tak beraturan dari adjektiva good. [good, well --> better --> the best]
               Juan is an exceptionally good student. [adjektiva]
               He did very well on the last test. [adverbia]

INCORRECT   Several people arrived too lately to be admitted to the performance.
    CORRECT   Several people arrived too late to be admitted to the performance.
INCORRECT  The horse ran fastly enough to win the race.
       CORRECT   The horse ran fast enough to win the race.
INCORRECT   The architect worked hardly to finish his drawings by the next day.
    CORRECT   The architect worked hard to finish his drawings by the next day.
INCORRECT  The eagle soared highly into the air.
       CORRECT   The eagle soared high into the air.
   INCORRECT  The keys were rightly here a minute ago.
       CORRECT  The keys were right here a minute ago.

Di samping masalah adjektiva/adverbia, ada banyak masalah bentuk kata yang lain. Beberapa contoh diberikan di sini:

Corn played an important role in the cultural of the Indians of the Southwest.
(Nomina culture, tidak adjektiva cultural, diperlukan.)
The galaxy Andromeda is the most distance object visible to observers in the Northern Hemsphere.
(Adjektiva distant diperlukan sebagai pengganti distance.)
Scientists belief that the continents once formed a single continent surrounded by an enormous sea.
(Verba believe diperlukan sebagai pengganti nomina belief.)
Bunsen burners are used to hot materials in a chemistry lab.
(Adjektiva hot digunakan secara salah sebagai pengganti verba heat.)

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