Belajar Bahasa Inggris: Conjunctions in Sentence
Coordinating conjunctions connect grammatically equal elements. Coordinating conjunctions are sometimes called the “Fan Boys” conjunctions—For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So. So, you can remember the seven coordinators by the phrase FAN BOYS.
Conjunction
|
Function
|
Example
|
for
|
Connects a reason to a result
|
I am a little hungry, for I didn’t eat breakfast this morning.
|
and
|
Connects equal similar ideas
|
John likes to fish and hunt.
|
nor
|
Connects two negative sentences
|
She does not eat meat, nor does she drink milk.
|
but
|
Connects equal different ideas
|
I like to eat fish but not to catch them.
|
or
|
Connects two equal choices
|
Do you prefer coffee or tea?
|
yet
|
Connects equal contrasting ideas
|
It is sunny yet cold.
|
so
|
Connects a result to a reason
|
I did not eat breakfast this morning, so I am a little hungry.
|
Paired (correlative)
conjunctions
Correlative
conjunctions are always in pairs. Like coordinating conjunctions, they connect
grammatically equal elements.
Conjunction Pairs
|
Example
|
both . . . and
|
Both San Francisco and Sydney have
beautiful harbors.
|
not only . . . but also
|
Japanese food is not only delicious to eat
but also beautiful to look at.
|
either . . . or
|
Bring either a raincoat or an umbrella when
you visit Seattle.
|
neither . . . nor
|
My grandfather could neither read nor
write, but he was a very wise person.
|
whether . . . or
|
The newlyweds could not decide whether to
live with her parents or to rent an apartment.
|
CAUSE
STRUCTURE WORDS
SENTENCE CONNECTORS
|
CLAUSE CONNECTORS
|
OTHERS
|
|
COORDINATORS
|
SUB-
ORDINATORS
|
||
1. for
|
2. because
since
as
|
3.
to result
from
to be the result of
4.
due to
because of
5. the effect of
the
consequence of
6. as a result of
as a
consequence of
|
|
The sentence
numbers correspond to the chart numbers.
For connects a reason to a result.
Examples:
1. In the 1980s and 1990s, the U.S.
government passed new immigration laws, for
many people were concerned about illegal immigration.
2. Because/Since/As most illegal immigrants enter
the United States seeking employment, a 1986 law tried to counteract this by
fining employers who hire illegal immigrants.
3. Ten years later, a law limiting
government assistance to immigrants resulted
from/was the result of some people’s concern about the cost of immigrants
to taxpayers.
4. The United States has always
welcomed people who leave their homeland because
of/due to war or political persecution.
5. Not only illegal but also legal
immigrants felt the effects
of/consequences of the 1996 law.
6.
As a result of/As a consequence
of the 1996 law,
legal immigrants who had not become U.S. citizens were no longer eligible for
certain benefits.
COMPARISON STRUCTURE WORDS
SENTENCE CONNECTORS
|
CLAUSE CONNECTORS
|
OTHERS
|
|
SUB-
ORDINATORS
|
COORDINATORS/
CORRELATIVE
CONJUNCTIONS
|
||
1. similarly
likewise
also
too
|
2. as
just as
|
3. and
both … and
not only …
but also
neither …
nor
either …
or
|
4. like (+noun)
just like
(+noun)
similar to
(+noun)
5. (be) similar (to)
(be) the
same as
6. (be) the same
7. (be) alike
(be)
similar (to)
8. To compare (to/with)
|
The sentence numbers correspond
to the chart numbers.
And connects equal similar ideas
Examples:
1. Human workers can detect
malfunctions in machinery; likewise/similarly,
a robot can be programmed to detect equipment malfunctions.
Human workers can detect
malfunctions in machinery; a robot can also.
Human workers can detect
malfunctions in machinery; a robot can, too.
2. Robots can detect malfunctions in
machinery, as/just as human workers can. (Note: Use a comma when as and just as show comparison even when the dependent clause follows the
independent clause.)
3. Robots and human workers/Both
robots and human workers/Not only robots but also human workers can detect malfunctions in machinery.
4. Robots, like/just like/similar to human workers, can detect malfunctions in
machinery.
5. Robots are similar to/are the same as human workers because they can both
detect malfunctions in machinery.
6. In their ability to detect
malfunctions in machinery, robots and human workers are the same.
7. Robots and human workers are alike/are similar because they can
both detect malfunctions in machinery.
8.
Robots
can be compared to/be compared with
human workers in their ability to detect malfunctions in machinery.
CONTRAST STRUCTURE
WORDS--CONCESSION (UNEXPECTED RESULT)
SENTENCE CONNECTORS
|
CLAUSE CONNECTORS
|
OTHERS
|
|
SUB-
ORDINATORS
|
CO-ORDINATORS
|
||
1. however
nevertheless
nonetheless
still
|
2. although
even
though
though
|
3. but
yet
|
4. despite (+noun)
in spite
of (+noun)
|
The sentence numbers correspond
to the chart numbers.
But connects equal different ideas. Yet
connects equal contrasting ideas.
Examples:
1. It began to rain; however/nevertheless/nonetheless/still,
we continued our hike.
2. We continued our hike although/even though/though it began to
rain.
3. It began to rain, but/yet we continued our hike.
4.
Despite/In spite of the rain, we continued our hike.
CONTRAST STRUCTURE WORDS—DIRECT
OPPOSITION
SENTENCE CONNECTORS
|
CLAUSE CONNECTORS
|
OTHERS
|
|
SUB-
ORDINATORS
|
CO-ORDINATORS
|
||
1.
however
in contrast
in (by) comparison
on the other hand
2.
on the
contrary
|
3.
while
whereas
|
4.
but
|
5.
differ
from
6.
compared (to/with)
7.
(be)
different (from)
(be) dissimilar to
(be) unlike
|
The sentence numbers correspond
to the chart numbers.
Examples:
1. The term rock music commonly
refers to music styles after 1959 that were influenced primarily by white
musicians; however/in contrast/in
comparison/on the other hand, rhythm-and-blues music styles were influenced
primarily by black musicians.
2. Innovation in rock music comes
not just from the United States; on the
contrary, the Beatles and the Rolling Stones were from Great Britain, and
the music style known as reggae came from the Caribbean island of Jamaica.
(Note: On the contrary contrasts an
untruth and a truth.)
3. The term rock music commonly
refers to music styles after 1959 that were influenced primarily by white
musicians, while/whereas rhythm-and-blues
music styles were influenced primarily by black musicians. (Note: Use a comma
with while and whereas even when the dependent clause follows the independent
clause.)
4. The term rock music commonly
refers to music styles after 1959 that were influenced primarily by white
musicians, but rhythm-and-blues
music styles were influenced primarily by black musicians.
5. Early rock music differs from later styles in that later
styles make use of electronics to produce new sounds.
6. Compared
to/Compared with earlier
rock styles, later styles have a harder sound.
7.
The
punk, rap, grunge, and techno styles of the ‘90s are very different from/dissimilar to/unlike the rock music played by Elvis
Presley in the ‘50s, but they have the same roots.
EFFECT STRUCTURE WORDS
SENTENCE
CONNECTORS
|
CLAUSE
CONNECTORS
|
OTHERS
|
|
COORDINATORS
|
SUB-
ORDINATORS
|
||
1.
as
a result
as a consequence
therefore
thus
consequently
hence
|
2.
so
|
3.
to
result in
to cause
4.
to
have an effect on
to affect
5.
the
cause of
the reason for
|
|
The sentence
numbers correspond to the chart numbers.
So connects a result to a reason.
Examples:
1. The 1996 law eliminated many
benefits for legal immigrants who had not become citizens; as a result/ as a consequence/therefore/thus/consequently/hence,
most of them applied for citizenship.
2. Welfare assistance for immigrants
was restricted, so even legal
immigrants who were poor and needy could not receive aid.
3. The new law resulted in/caused an immediate increase in the number of
applications for citizenship.
4. The new law also had an effect on/affected students and
business people with visas who overstayed their visa time limit.
Overstaying a visa
became a cause of/a reason for being
barred from the United States for three or more years.Follow my twitter: @baryzin
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